Gum disease (gingivitis and periodontitis)

Gum disease is caused by an accumulation of plaque on the tooth surface at the junction between the tooth and the gum. The plaque hardens to form tartar, or calculus, on the teeth, and as it thickens, the gums start to recede, allowing pockets to form below the gum margin. As the condition progresses, the tissues below the gum margin become more susceptible to disease and destruction.

In addition to poor dental hygiene, other factors that may contribute to the development of gingivitis and gum disease include:

• Improper brushing technique  
• Poorly fitting fillings and dental prostheses 
• Smoking, which significantly increases the risk of gum disease   
• Chronic ill-health (e.g. gum disease may be a symptom of coeliac disease, HIV/AIDS or cancer)
• Genetic factors 
• Hormonal changes (e.g. menopause, pregnancy and puberty) 
• Stress 
• Some prescribed medicines (including some heart drugs and antibiotics) 
• Tooth grinding 
• Diabetes (due to an increased risk of infection)  
• Excessive consumption of sugar or alcohol  
• Deficiency of key nutrients, including vitamins A, C and folic acid, and the minerals zinc, iron and calcium.
  

• See your dentist if your teeth are loose or your gums are swollen or bleeding, as well as for regular check-ups and professional tooth cleaning.
• In some cases, the only treatment necessary is improved dental hygiene, but if infection or tissue destruction is present, antibiotics and specialist dental treatment may be required, sometimes including surgery.
• Brush your teeth after each meal or snack with a soft, small-headed toothbrush. Pay particular attention to the junction of the gum and the teeth – even at times when the gums are bleeding and sensitive.
• Use dental floss daily too. It helps prevent the build up of plaque.
• Mouthwash may also help to prevent plaque. 
• Stop smoking.
  

• Gum disease can be associated with heart disease - make sure you have regular medical check-ups.
• Consult your dentist if your gums bleed easily or regularly, or if you experience symptoms that may indicate the presence of infection, such as fever or pain.